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The YYZ code for Toronto Pearson airport originates in the two-digit YZ location identifier assigned to Malton Airport, the airfield’s original name, in the late 1930s and early 40s. Most airfields and weather stations in the United States, Canada and Alaska, had unique two-letter identities, which would be emitted by beacons as a Morse code radio signal for aeronautical navigation and reporting of weather conditions. Using two letters limited the number of available identifiers to 676 possible unique combinations, and as many US stations were using letters that bore some relation to their location, the range of unique location-related letter combinations available for Canadian airfields was limited. Canada, therefore, tended to use combinations that started with letters towards the end of the alphabet, with Q, X, and Y being commonly used. After World War II, IATA mandated the use of three-letter airport codes. Rather than assign completely new codes, in most cases, Canada simply added the Y prefix to existing two-letter codes, hence the continued use today of YYZ as the identifier for Toronto Pearson International Airport.

Robert Franklin Stroud, nicknamed the Birdman of Alcatraz, was a convicted murderer, imprisoned in US federal penitentiaries continuously from 1909 until his death in 1963. First incarcerated in 1909 on McNeil Island, Washington, for 12 years for manslaughter, Stroud gained a reputation for violent behavior. In 1912 he moved to the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas, where, in 1916, he fatally stabbed a guard. A sentence of hanging for first-degree murder was later commuted to life imprisonment, which he served in solitary confinement. In 1920, Stroud reportedly found a nest of young sparrows in the Leavenworth prison yard and raised them to adulthood, starting a pastime that progressed to rearing almost 300 canaries in his cell over many years, writing two books on birds, and earning him the name ‘Birdman’. Prison staff, frustrated with Stroud’s activities and the unsanitary cell conditions caused by the birds, eventually succeeded in transferring him to Alcatraz Island penitentiary in 1942, where, despite his nickname, he was never permitted to keep birds. The name Birdman of Alcatraz gained wide recognition following the 1955 book of the same name by Tom Gaddis, and the 1962 movie starring Burt Lancaster.

A person who is a long-time resident or native of Leeds is called a Loiner or a Leodensian. Both words are used as demonyms for someone from Leeds, West Yorkshire.

The Daily Californian is the student-run newspaper covering the University of California, Berkeley campus and the city of Berkeley. The newspaper has been independent of the university since 1971 and is run entirely by current or recently-graduated UC Berkeley students and published by the nonprofit Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc. Known informally as The Daily Cal, it is published every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday during the academic year and once a week during the summer. It has a daily paper circulation of approximately 10,000 copies and also publishes online.

LaGuardia Airport terminals for arrivals and departures are shown below. In case of terminal changes, contacting the airline to confirm before travel is advisable. AirlineTerminal Air Canada B American Airlines B American Shuttle B Delta C / D Delta Shuttle C Frontier Airlines C JetBlue Airways A Spirit Airlines B Southwest Airlines C United Airlines B WestJet C

The official mascot of the University of California, Berkeley is Oski the Bear, who represents the university’s California Golden Bears sports teams. Oski originated as a cartoon-strip character in Cal’s student newspaper, The Daily Californian, and made his real-life debut on September 27th, 1941, during Cal Football’s victory in a season opener against the Saint Mary’s Gaels. Previously, Cal had used live bears at games as mascots. Oski is named after the old ‘Oski Yell’ that was once regularly chanted at football and basketball games, but now rarely heard.

The FC Dallas MLS soccer team plays its home games at the Toyota Stadium (previously called Pizza Hut Park) in Frisco, Texas, some 30 miles north of downtown Dallas. Frisco Independent School District also uses the stadium for high school football games and it is also the home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame which opened in 2018.

The state of Rhode Island is not an island as most of the coastal state is located on the mainland. Until 2020, the state was officially called State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, a name dating back to the merger of four Colonial settlements, including what was then called Rhode Island, but is now Aquidneck Island, an actual island off the coast in Narragansett Bay. In use, the name became shortened to Rhode Island and used to refer to the entire state. In 2020, voters approved the removal of the words ‘Providence Plantations’ from the state’s official name due to the historical association of plantations with slavery and racism.

The first ever Super Bowl was played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on January 15th, 1967, when it was known as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. The contest did not formally adopt the Super Bowl name until Super Bowl 3 in 1969. The game was between the National Football League champions, the Green Bay Packers, and the American Football League champions, the Kansas City Chiefs. The Packers won, defeating the Chiefs 35-10, and Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr was named MVP. It is the only Super Bowl to have been simulcast by two networks, as NBC had the rights to televise AFL games and CBS held the broadcast rights to NFL games. The LA Coliseum has only hosted the Super Bowl twice, the second time being Super Bowl 7 in 1973.

There is a path going around the whole of False Creek which is part of the longer Vancouver Seaside Greenway, an uninterrupted waterfront pathway running from the Vancouver Convention Centre, along the Stanley Park Seawall to English Bay, and then around False Creek past Granville Island to Kitsilano Beach. The entire False Creek section is approximately 8.5 km (or 5.3 miles) long and has many access points. A good starting point in downtown Vancouver is Sunset Beach Park near Burrard Bridge. From there, the path goes under Burrard Bridge, Granville Bridge and Cambie Bridge, past Science World and the Olympic Village and onwards to Granville Island and Kitsilano Beach Park. Returning to downtown Vancouver over Burrard Bridge is an option, or take one of the frequent ferry boats from Granville Island or Vanier Park Maritime Museum back to Sunset Beach. The path is divided down the centre, with walkers and joggers required to keep on the side closest to the water, and cyclists and inline skaters on the other side.

American singer-songwriter Christina Grimmie died, aged 22, after being shot following her performance at The Plaza Live in Orlando, Florida, on the evening of June 10th, 2016. As she met with fans after the show, 27-year-old Kevin James Loibl approached the singer and shot her once in the head and twice in the chest before shooting and killing himself. Despite attempts to resuscitate her at the scene, Grimmie was declared dead after being taken to Orlando Regional Medical Center. It emerged that Loibl had an infatuation with the singer and traveled 100 miles from his home in St Petersburg, Florida to attend her concert, bringing two handguns, loaded magazines, and a hunting knife into the venue. Grimmie rose to prominence initially through performances on her popular YouTube channel and later secured a recording contract after appearing as a contestant on season six of NBC’s The Voice television show, where she was coached by Adam Levine. She was buried in a private ceremony at Berlin Cemetery in New Jersey.

The San Francisco 49ers NHL football team got its name from the nickname ‘forty niners‘ given to the first wave of fortune seekers who flocked to Northern California in 1849 during the gold rush era. The team retained San Francisco in its name despite moving some 32 miles outside the city in 2014 to a new home stadium, the Levi’s Stadium, in Santa Clara, a suburb of San Jose. While headquartered and having training facilities in Santa Clara since 1988, the 49ers had previously always played in the city of San Francisco since its founding in 1946, first at Kezar Stadium, and later Candlestick Park.

Chambers Bay Golf Course is a municipal public golf course, owned by Pierce County, located in University Place, southwest of Tacoma, Washington. Opened in June 2007 on the site of a former sand and gravel mine overlooking Puget Sound, Chambers Bay hosted the 2010 US Amateur and 2015 US Open Championships. The 18-hole championship golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones Jr.

Day-use entry to Jalama Beach is charged at $10 per vehicle, and leashed dogs are also welcome, with proof of current rabies vaccination, for an additional for $3 per dog. The entry fee is payable at the Ranger Kiosk as you drive in at the gate. Annual day-use permits are also available, with discounts for seniors, veterans and Santa Barbara County residents. There is a grocery store and grill restaurant on site, along with a picnic area with tables. Jalama Beach is open for day use from 6 am to sunset daily.

The Tennessee Valley Trail from the parking lot to the Tennessee Beach cove is approximately 1.7 miles (or 2.8 kilometers) and the easy hike to the beach takes around 30 minutes. This popular trail on the Marin Headlands gets very busy, particularly at weekends, so arriving early is always advisable. Dogs are not permitted on the trail. The parking lot and trailhead are located at the end of Tennessee Valley Road, where there are restrooms and a picnic table, but no drinking water, so bring a drink with you.

The Angeles Crest Highway (or State Route 2) between La Cañada Flintridge and Wrightwood, California, goes through the Angeles National Forest. The road is 66 miles (or 106 kilometers) end-to-end and passes through the San Gabriel Mountains, reaching a summit of 7,903 feet (or 2,409 meters) at the Dawson Saddle. The Angeles Crest Highway is normally closed over winter between Islip Saddle and Vincent Gap due to avalanche risk. A detour may be followed from the Angeles Crest Highway by taking the Angeles Forest Highway turning at Clear Creek and continuing to Wrightwood via Mount Emma Road, Fort Tejon Road, and the Big Pines Highway.

The area of San Francisco now known as Cow Hollow was so named because it was an area of the the city where settlers in the mid-1800s established dairy farms, attracted by the natural fresh water sources and good grazing land for cows. The area, then known as Spring Valley, was a verdant area of meadows, natural springs, and sand hills which, by the 1880s sustained over 30 dairies supplying milk to San Francisco’s burgeoning population, by which time the name Cow Hollow was in widespread use. San Francisco’s continued growth and changing demographics eventually drove the dairies, and their cows, out of the city, and the area was substantially redeveloped for residential use. Today, the Cow Hollow neighborhood is bounded by Lombard Street, Van Ness Avenue, Green Street, and The Presidio, and some of the original dairy farmhouses still stand among the area’s houses, shops and restaurants.

Ari Halberstam was a yeshiva student killed, aged 16, when Lebanese-born terrorist Rashid Baz shot at the van he was traveling in on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, on the morning of March 1st, 1994. Halberstam was one of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students in the van that had just joined the bridge from the FDR Drive on-ramp, when Baz opened fire on the vehicle from his car, and continued shooting as it travelled in the direction of Brooklyn. Halberstam was shot in the head and taken to St Vincent’s Hospital where he died five days later. Ari’s mother, Devorah Halberstam, was instrumental in establishing Brooklyn’s Jewish Children’s Museum, which opened in 2004 and is officially dedicated in his memory. In 1995, New York City Council, formally named the Brooklyn Bridge on-ramp from southbound FDR Drive and Pearl Street in Manhattan the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp.

American singer Bing Crosby moved to Hillsborough, California, with his second wife, Kathryn, and their three children in 1964, after selling their home in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles. Their first home in the area was at 101 Robin Road in Hillsborough’s Carolands neighborhood, but they moved by the end of 1965 to a larger property on Jackling Drive at Armsby Drive in Hillsborough Oaksbridge. The 1925 whitewashed brick home, built in the style of a French chateau, was referred to locally as the Crosby Estate and remained Bing Crosby’s main home until his death in 1977. The home was the setting for several Minute Maid orange juice commercials featuring the Crosby family in the 1960s and 70s.

A person who is a long-time resident or native of Spokane is called a Spokanite. It is the commonly used demonym for someone from Spokane.